Galloway 2009: 402. Derived form. Meaning glossed as 'bark (of any tree)'. The last two morphemes should probably be analyzed as -ǝy 'bark, covering, plant' + -íːws 'on the body, skin,covering'.
Galloway 2009:101. Free root. Polysemy: 'be big / be large / be high (of floodwater)'.
Island Halkomelem:θi2
Gerdts 1997: 24.
Number:6
Word:bird
Upriver Halkomelem:maːqʷ {mó:qw}1
Galloway 2009: 340. Free root. Meaning glossed as 'larger bird (any kind, generic), waterfowl, duck'. Noun.
Island Halkomelem:s=qʼʷǝleš2
Gerdts 1997: 5. Cf. also the collective plural: sqʼʷǝl-qʼʷǝl-eš. Gerdts: "There is no generic word for bird... sqʼʷǝleš is sometimes used to mean 'bird' in general, but it specifically means only the smaller birds such as songbirds'. The equivalent for 'big bird' is θiθiws ~ θiθǝws [ibid.].
Number:7
Word:bite
Upriver Halkomelem:qʼiːkʼʷ {q'i:kw' ~ q'éykw'}1
Galloway 2009: 485. Root. Transitive verb qʼiːk'ʷ-ǝt {q'i:kw'et~q'éykw'et} 'bite into smth., smbd.'. Synonym: cʼɛ́m ~ čʼɛ́m ~ cʼǝ́m {ts'ám ~ ch'ám ~ ts'ém} 'bite on smth.' (bound root; meaning is related to th'ám 'chew') [ Galloway 2009: 849].
Island Halkomelem:qʼʷǝt2
Gerdts 1997: 88. Meaning glossed as 'bite it' (transitive verb; -ǝt - is a transitivizer). Secondary synonyms: ɬišǝt 'to bite it off'; cʼǝ́mǝt 'to put it in the mouth' [Gerdts 1997: 88].
Number:8
Word:black
Upriver Halkomelem:qʼíxʸ {q'éyx}1
Galloway 2009: 484. Bound root. Derived forms of the root are used as a modifier for other color terms. Cf. the verbal stem: c=qʼixʸ 'be black' [Galloway 2009: 488].
Island Halkomelem:c=qʼíxw1
Gerdts 1997: 111.
Number:9
Word:blood
Upriver Halkomelem:s=θɛ́[-θǝ-]y-ǝl {stháthiyel}1
Galloway 2009: 746. Probably a nominal bound root or stem. Morphological analysis: s= is a nominalizer; [-θǝ-] is a resultative or continuative infix; -ǝl may be the same as 'go, come, get, become'; original root meaning uncertain [Galloway 2009: 746]. Secondary synonym: s=calǝxʷ-ǝm {scholéxwem}, derived nominal [Galloway 2009: 46].
Island Halkomelem:θǝyʼθiʔǝnʼ1
Gerdts 1997: 13.
Number:10
Word:bone
Upriver Halkomelem:s=θʼáːm {sth'ó:m}1
Galloway 2009: 633. Nominal root. Root θʼáːm is not attested as free form; s= is a nominalizer [Galloway 2009: 797].
Galloway 2009: 117. Derived nominal. Meaning glossed as 'chest (human or animal thorax)'; s= is a nominalizer; -iːlǝs '(on the) chest' is formally a lexical affix; the root slot is occupied with ʔ (empty rootto form nominals from lexical affixes).
Island Halkomelem:s=ʔ=inǝs1
Gerdts 1997: 13. See notes on Upriver Halkomelem for the morphological structure.
Number:12
Word:burn tr.
Upriver Halkomelem:yǝqʷ-t {yéqwt}1
Galloway 2009: 1032. Transitive verb, formed from the corresponding intransitive yǝqʷ {yéqw}. Meaning of the intransitive verb is glossed as 'burned, to burn, scorch'.
Island Halkomelem:yǝqʷ-t1
Gerdts 1997: 89. Meaning glossed as 'to burn it, to light a fire, to turn it on'.
Galloway 2009: 641. Derived stem. Meaning glossed as 'feather (any kind)', literally 'something to rotate around in circles'; s= is a nominalizer ('something to'); bound root xʸǝl- 'roll, rotate', lexical affix -ǝlc 'around in circles'.
Gerdts p.c. (exact meaning: 'to give it to him/herʼ).
Number:34
Word:good
Upriver Halkomelem:ʔɛ́y ~ ʔɛ́yː {éy}1
Galloway 2009: 83. Free root. Meaning glossed as 'good, well, nice, fine, better, better (ought to), it would be good if, may it be good, let it be good, happy, glad, clean, well-behaved, polite, virgin, popular, comfortable'. Adjective / adjectival verb.
Island Halkomelem:ʔǝyʼ1
Gerdts 1997: 110.
Number:35
Word:green
Upriver Halkomelem:qʷɛ́ːy {qwá:y}1
Galloway 2009: 510. Bound root. Meaning glossed as 'yellow with green' (cf. c=qʷɛ́ːy 'be yellow, be green' [Galloway 2009: 510]).
Island Halkomelem:c=qʷay1
Gerdts 1997: 24.
Number:36
Word:hair
Upriver Halkomelem:mɛ́ː-qǝl {má:qel}1
Galloway 2009: 304. Derived nominal. Meaning glossed as 'hair (of the head)'; literally 'comes off on the head'.
Galloway 2009: 981. Derived form. Meaning glossed as 'head (of any living thing)'. Morphological analysis acc. to Galloway: s= is the nominalizer ('something to'), -ǝs is probably 'on the face', xʸǝ́y(ː)-ǝs is probably a bound stem; root meaning is uncertain, unless smth. like 'against the face'.
Galloway 2009: 765. Morphological analysis: the root is possibly θʼ (meaning unknown), the lexical affix -a:la could mean 'container (of)'. Alternative interpretation: free root. Noun.
Island Halkomelem:tʼ θeleʔ1
Gerdts 1997: 14.
Number:41
Word:horn
Upriver Halkomelem:θʼís-tǝl {th'istel}1
Galloway 2009: 790. Derived nominal. Meaning glossed as 'horn of an animal'; literally could, perhaps, signify 'something to tack / to nail'. Lexical affix: -tǝl 'something to, device'. Bound root θʼís may be 'to tack, to nail'.
Island Halkomelem:tʼθǝys-tǝn1
Gerdts 1997: 170. Polysemy: 'antler / horn'.
Number:42
Word:I1
Upriver Halkomelem:cǝl {-tsel}1
Galloway 2009: 839. Pronoun. Non-subordinate subject. Phonologically this is a suffix, except where it precedes the verb in the ambiguous past construction (tsel maythome 'I helped you' vs. maythometsel 'I help you').
Island Halkomelem:cǝn1
Gerdts p.c.Pronoun. 1st person singular subject clitic.
Number:42
Word:I2
Upriver Halkomelem:tɛ=ʔɛlθɛ2
Galloway 2009: 673. Derived stem. Free root: ʔɛlθɛ ~ ʔɛlθǝ 'it's me, that's me, I do, I am' (tɛ is the demonstrative article) [Galloway 2009: 673, 6-7].
Galloway 2009: 302. Bound nominal root. Polysemy: 'stone / rock (any size) / mountain'; s= is the nominalizer, bound root mɛːlt (meaning unknown). Same word as 'stone' q.v.
Island Halkomelem:s=meːnt1
Gerdts 1997: 41. Polysemy: 'mountain / rock'. Same word as 'stone' q.v.
Galloway 2009: 664. Unsegmentable root or stem. Meaning glossed as 'neck, back of head and back of neck'. Synonym: s=qʷǝl-ɬǝɬ or s=qʷɛl-ɬǝɬ 'front of neck' [Galloway 2009: 259].
Galloway 2009: 905. Meaning glossed as 'round, full (of the moon)ʼ. Adjective / adjectival verb. Possibly contains the bound root xʸǝlː 'move around in circles' [Galloway 2009: 964].
Island Halkomelem:šǝlák'ʷ1
Gerdts 1997: 25.
Number:70
Word:sand
Upriver Halkomelem:s=yíːcʼ-ǝm {syí:ts'em}1
Galloway 2009: 1045. Derived nominal form. Root meaning unknown; s= is the nominalizer ('something to / that').
Galloway 2009: 977. Continuative stem. Meaning glossed as 'be saying, say, said'. Secondary synonym: qʷɛːl {qwá:l}. Free root. Meaning glossed as 'say, speak, talk, give a speech, croak, etc. (non-human creatures with cries are also said to qwà:l'). Transitive verb [Galloway 2009, 502].
Gerdts 1997: 100. Meaning glossed as 'to see him / her / it'.
Number:73
Word:seed
Upriver Halkomelem:s=pǝ́ls {spí:ls}1
Galloway 2009: 611. Derived nominal. Meaning glossed as 'the planting, seeds to plant, what is planted (sown), garden'. Bound root {pél ~ pí:l} 'planted, get buried' [Galloway 2009: 376].
Island Halkomelem:s=pǝnʼǝm1
Gerdts 1997: 58.
Number:74
Word:sit
Upriver Halkomelem:ʔǝmǝ́t {emét}1
Galloway 2009: 351. Probably an unsegmentable root. Meaning glossed as 'sit, sit down, sit up, arise (from lying or sitting), get up (from lying down, from bed or chair)'. Intransitive verb.
Island Halkomelem:ʔǝmǝt1
Gerdts 1997: 95. Meaning glossed as 'to sit down, to get out of bed'. Synonym: xʷcʼenʼǝcǝm 'to sit down' [Gerdts 1997: 95].
Galloway 2009: 183. Probably an unsegmentable root. Meaning glossed as 'skin, hide (with / without hair or fur), pelt, sinew'.
Island Halkomelem:kʼʷǝlǝwʼ1
Gerdts 1997: 121.
Number:76
Word:sleep
Upriver Halkomelem:ʔítǝt {ítet}1
Galloway 2009: 124. Free root. Meaning glossed as 'sleep, go to sleep, asleep'. Intransitive verb.
Island Halkomelem:ʔítǝt1
Gerdts 1997: 81.
Number:77
Word:small
Upriver Halkomelem:ʔexʷíl {axwíl}1
Galloway 2009: 20. Meaning glossed as 'small, little, a little bit'. The element -il could be an inceptive affix (with the meaning 'go, come, get, become'). Adjective / adjectival verb.
Galloway 2009: 1036. Derived nominal. The root is yǝqʷ {yéqw} 'burn' q.v. [Galloway 2009: 63]; s= is the nominalizer ('something to / that'), possibly with Ablaut (ǝ́ : á); -ǝm may be theintransitivizer 'have, get' or 'place to have / get'.
Island Halkomelem:sǝmʼšáθǝt2
Gerdts 1997: 42.
Number:83
Word:swim
Upriver Halkomelem:tʼíc-ǝm {t'ítsem}1
Galloway 2009: 736. Middle voice stem. Meaning glossed as 'swim (of a person), swim (with crawl strokes, etc.)'. The affix -ǝm- is the intransitivizer. Intransitive verb.
Island Halkomelem:tʼíc-ǝm1
Gerdts 1997: 96.
Number:84
Word:tail
Upriver Halkomelem:s=ƛǝpʼ-ǝ́lǝc {stl'ep'élets}1
Galloway 2009: 819. Meaning glossed as 'tail (of animal, bird)'. The root, according to Galloway, is possibly ƛǝp {tlʼep} 'deep, low, below'.
Island Halkomelem:š=ƛǝpʼ-isnǝc1
Gerdts 1997: 15.
Number:85
Word:that
Upriver Halkomelem:tǝ=θɛ́ {tethá}1
Galloway 2009: 673. Demonstrative pronoun; tǝ- is the nominalizer (from the demonstrative article).
Island Halkomelem:kwθeyʼ2
Gerdts 1997: 29. 'That (out of sight)'. Used with plain nouns (that is, nouns that are not feminine singular nouns). Synonym: ɬeyʼ (used with feminine singular nouns).
Number:85
Word:that
Upriver Halkomelem:ƛʼá ~ ƛʼa {tl'ò ~ tl'o)3
Galloway 2009: 831. Free root or stem. Meaning glossed as 'that's (an animate being), it's (usually animate)'. The root is possibly ƛʼ- 'agent (human, gender unspecified, absent)' [Galloway 2009: 831].
Island Halkomelem:tey ~ tθey4
Gerdts 1997: 29. 'That (in sight)'. Used with plain nouns (that is, nouns that are not feminine singular nouns). Synonym: θeyʼ (used with feminine singular nouns).
Number:86
Word:this
Upriver Halkomelem:tǝi ~ tǝʔi {tei ~ te'i}1
Galloway 2009: 110. Demonstrative pronoun. 'This (speaker is not holding it but is close enough to touch it)'. Synonym (suffixal extension of the same root): tǝʔi-lǝ ~ tǝʔiː-lǝ {te'ile ~ te' i:le} 'this (speaker is holding it), this one, this thing here'.
Island Halkomelem:tiʔí1
Gerdts 1997: 28.
Number:87
Word:thou
Upriver Halkomelem:tɛ=lǝ́wǝ {talèwe}1
Galloway 2009: 229. Derived stem. The free root is lǝwǝ ('it's you, you are the one, you /focus on emphasis/'); tɛ= is the nominalizer (from the demonstrative article).
Island Halkomelem:nǝwǝ1
Gerdts p.c. The form nǝwǝ is the 2nd person singular independent pronoun; č is the subject clitic.
Number:88
Word:tongue
Upriver Halkomelem:tǝxʷθǝɬ {téxwthelh}1
Galloway 2009: 690. Derived nominal. The root is possibly t- (meaning unknown) or tǝxʷ; the lexical affix could be either -éxwthelh 'on the tongue' or -(e)thel 'in the mouth'.
Island Halkomelem:tǝxʷθǝɬ1
Gerdts 1997: 15.
Number:89
Word:tooth
Upriver Halkomelem:yǝlːǝs {yél:és}1
Galloway 2009: 1028. Noun. According to Galloway, possibly contains the lexical affix -ǝlǝs 'of the tooth'; ǝ-Ablaut on the affix could possibly be durative or derivational.
Galloway 2009: 444. Bound root. Found in the verb qǝw-ǝt {qewèt} 'to warm smth. / smbd.'.
Island Halkomelem:s=tatǝm1
Gerdts 1997: 25. Polysemy: 'warm / lukewarm / tepid'. Cf. the verb qǝw 'to be warmed, to be heated' [Gerdts 1997: 104].
Number:94
Word:water
Upriver Halkomelem:qaː {qo:}1
Galloway 2009: 454. Free root. Noun.
Island Halkomelem:qaʔ1
Gerdts 1997: 42.
Number:95
Word:we
Upriver Halkomelem:tɛ=ɬlímǝɬ {talhlímelh}1
Galloway 2009: 286. Derived stem. The prefix tɛ= is the nominalizer (from the demonstrative article); ɬlímǝɬ = 'it is us, we are the ones, we ourselves' (verbal pronoun / pronominal verb).
Island Halkomelem:ɬnimǝɬ1
Gerdts 1997: 30. The form ɬnimǝɬ is the 1st person plural independent pronoun; ct- is the clitical 1st person plural subject pronoun.
Number:96
Word:what
Upriver Halkomelem:s=tɛ́m {stám}1
Galloway 2009: 623. Meaning glossed as 'what is it?, be what?'. Mophological analysis: nominalizer s= + bound root tɛm 'what?' [Galloway 2009: 666].
Island Halkomelem:s=tem1
Gerdts 1997: 150. This word introduces a question.
Number:97
Word:white
Upriver Halkomelem:pʼǝ́qʼ {p'éq'}1
Galloway 2009: 407. Free root. Meaning glossed as 'be white'.
Gerdts 1997: 30. This word introduces a question (Chemainus, Nanoose). The Nanaimo equivalent is wet [Gerdts 1997: 30].
Number:99
Word:woman
Upriver Halkomelem:s=ɬɛ́ːlí {slhá:lí}1
Galloway 2009: 275. Derived nominal. Polysemy: 'woman (post-adolescent, 15 yrs. or older) / female', literally could perhaps be 'someone that weaves wool, bark'; root ɬɛːl {lhí:l} 'weave', s= is the nominalizer 'someone to, someone that'.
Island Halkomelem:s=ɬeniʔ1
Gerdts 1997: 49.
Number:100
Word:yellow
Upriver Halkomelem:qʷɛ́ːy {qwá:y}1
Galloway 2009: 510. Bound root. 'Yellow with green' (c= qʷɛːy 'be yellow, be green' [Galloway 2009: 510]).
Island Halkomelem:lǝlǝcʼ2
Gerdts 1997: 122. The name comes from 'dull Oregon-grape'.
Galloway 2009: 686. Durative stem. Meaning glossed as 'be near, be close to, be beside, be next to'. Formed from the free root tǝs 'approach, get near, get closer, reach, go up to, get up to'. Preposition / prepositional verb.
Island Halkomelem:s=tǝ=tes1
Gerdts 1997: 95. Meaning glossed as 'to be close / to be near'.
Galloway 2009: 9. According to Galloway, the root is possibly ʔɛɬqǝy ~ ʔɛɬqɛy or, perhaps, ɬɛq 'whisper, hiss' (then -ɛy is possibly 'bark, wood'?). Nominal.
Island Halkomelem:ʔǝɬqiʔ1
Gerdts 1997: 36.
Number:107
Word:thin1
Upriver Halkomelem:θʼǝθʼǝm-íːl {th'eth'emí:l}1
Galloway 2009: 774. Derived form. Meaning glossed as 'thin (of material)' (i.e. 1D).
Island Halkomelem:cʼǝm-íːlʼ1
Gerdts p.c.
Number:107
Word:thin2
Upriver Halkomelem:qʷǝʔiqʷ {qwe'íqw}1
Galloway 2009: 522. Bound root. Derived form qʷǝʔiqʷ-(ǝ)s 'thin (of tree or pole)' (i.e. 2D).
Island Halkomelem:
Number:108
Word:wind
Upriver Halkomelem:s=pǝh-ɛ́ːls {spehá:ls}1
Galloway 2009: 372. Derived nominal.
Island Halkomelem:s=pǝh-els1
Gerdts p.c.
Number:109
Word:worm
Upriver Halkomelem:s=θʼǝk'ʷ {sth'ékw'}1
Galloway 2009: 773. Derived nominal stem. Polysemy: 'worm / bug'. Probably bound root =θʼǝkʼʷ , meaning unknown; s= is the nominalizer.
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